CVS-Q teen©: síndrome visual informático en adolescentes y su relación con libros de texto digitales / CVS-Q teen©: computer vision syndrome in adolescents and its relationship with digital textbooks

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y la evolución del síndrome visual informático en estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato mediante el CVS-Q© adaptado y validado para adolescentes, según empleen libros en papel o en soporte digital.Método: Se adaptará el CVS-Q© mediante un pilotaje en adolescentes y un grupo nominal compuesto por especialistas en salud visual, profesorado y padres/madres. Se evaluarán la calidad y la aplicabilidad de la versión resultante (CVS-Q teen©) y se realizará un estudio de validación con pruebas visuales, retest y análisis psicométrico. Posteriormente, se realizará un estudio prospectivo longitudinal con cuatro medidas repetidas en adolescentes de dos institutos de San Juan de Alicante (uno ha sustituido libros por tabletas). Se medirá el síndrome visual informático mediante el CVS-Q teen© con tres seguimientos. Se analizará la prevalencia de síndrome visual informático según factores sociodemográficos, visuales y de uso de dispositivos digitales. Se realizarán modelos de regresión logística con efecto aleatorio por estudiante y tiempo de uso. (AU)

Objective: To analyse the prevalence and progression of computer vision syndrome in secondary and high school students with the CVS-Q© adapted and validated for adolescents, depending on whether they use textbooks or digital books.Method: The CVS-Q© will be adapted by a pilot study in adolescents and a nominal group of visual health specialists, teachers and parents. The resulting version (CVS-Q teen©) will be tested to confirm its quality and applicability and a validation study will be done with visual tests, retest and psychometric analysis. Subsequently, a prospective longitudinal study with four repeated measures will be carried out in adolescents from two secondary schools of San Juan de Alicante (one has replaced textbooks by tablets). Computer vision syndrome will be measured by the CVS-Q teen© with three follow-ups. The prevalence of computer vision syndrome will be analysed according to sociodemographic, visual and digital device use variables. Logistic regression models will be performed, with random effect by student and time of use. (AU)

[CVS-Q teen©: computer vision syndrome in adolescents and its relationship with digital textbooks]. / CVS-Q teen©: síndrome visual informático en adolescentes y su relación con libros de texto digitales.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence and progression of computer vision syndrome in secondary and high school students with the CVS-Q© adapted and validated for adolescents, depending on whether they use textbooks or digital books. METHOD: The CVS-Q© will be adapted by a pilot study in adolescents and a nominal group of visual health specialists, teachers and parents. The resulting version (CVS-Q teen©) will be tested to confirm its quality and applicability and a validation study will be done with visual tests, retest and psychometric analysis. Subsequently, a prospective longitudinal study with four repeated measures will be carried out in adolescents from two secondary schools of San Juan de Alicante (one has replaced textbooks by tablets). Computer vision syndrome will be measured by the CVS-Q teen© with three follow-ups. The prevalence of computer vision syndrome will be analysed according to sociodemographic, visual and digital device use variables. Logistic regression models will be performed, with random effect by student and time of use.

Government Policy for the Procurement of Food from Local Family Farming in Brazilian Public Institutions.

This study aims to explore and compare Brazilian public institutional food services' characteristics concerning the implementation of the government policy for the procurement of food from family farming (FF) and the opinions of food service managers on the benefits and difficulties of its implementation. We conducted a cross-sectional study employing an online questionnaire. The results were stratified by purchase. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were applied. Five hundred forty-one food services' managers participated in the study. Most claimed to buy food from FF, and this acquisition was more frequent among those working in institutions of municipalities <50,000 inhabitants, and educational and self-managed institutions. Those buying from FF developed more actions to promote healthy and sustainable food. Most recognized that the purchase could boost local farming and the economy and improve the institution's food. However, the managers believe that the productive capacity of FF, the lack of technical assistance to farmers, production seasonality, and the bureaucratic procurement process hinder this type of purchase. The self-management of food services and the small size of the municipality might be associated with implementing the direct purchase policy from FF, which can contribute to building healthier and more sustainable food systems. However, the lack of public management support and the weak productive fabric may pose an obstacle to its maintenance or dissemination. The strengthening and consolidation of these policies require more significant government investments in productive infrastructure for family farming.

Propuesta metodológica para explorar la compra de alimentos saludables y sostenibles en servicios de alimentación / Methodological proposal to explore the healthy and sustainable food service purchasing

Objetivo: Describir la metodología utilizada para explorar aspectos nutricionales y de sostenibilidad en la compra de alimentos realizada por los servicios de alimentación institucional. Método: La fuente de información fueron las listas de la compra de alimentos. Este documento incluye información sobre los ingredientes utilizados para la elaboración de las comidas. A través del análisis de contenido es posible conocer las cantidades (kg), las variedades (n), el origen (agricultores locales/otros proveedores) y la forma de producción (ecológicos/convencionales) de los alimentos adquiridos. Conclusión: La metodología descrita permite obtener una visión más amplia de la calidad de las comidas ofrecidas en los servicios de alimentación, incorporando, además de aspectos nutricionales, la perspectiva de sostenibilidad. (AU)

Objective: Describe the methodology used to explore sustainability and nutritional aspects of institutional food service purchasing. Method: The source of information is the purchasing list. This document includes information on the ingredients used to prepare meals, such as the quantity (kg), variety (n), origin (local farmers or other suppliers) and type of production (organic or conventional) of food items. Conclusion: The described methodology allows obtain a wider vision of the quality of the meals offered in the food services. In addition to nutritional aspects, this methodology incorporates the perspective of sustainability. (AU)

Professional competencies and public health content in the human nutrition and dietetics degree program: A qualitative study based on experts' consensus.

OBJECTIVE: To gather consensus on professional competencies and basic public health content for the degree program in Human Nutrition and Dietetics (HND). DESIGN: In 2018, the Fifth Meeting of University Public Health Professors took place in Zaragoza (Spain). Fourteen lecturers in the HND degree program participated from 11 Spanish universities. They identified competencies and basic content for training for the HND degree using group dynamics and consensus strategies. RESULTS: The professors identified 51 basic competencies, distributed in the areas of "evaluation of population health needs" (n = 20), "development of health policies" (n = 23), and "guaranteeing provision of health care services" (n = 8). In order to reach these competencies, 35 topics were proposed organized into six thematic blocks: foundations of public health, nutritional epidemiology, health problems and diet and nutrition strategies, food security, health in all policies and health promotion and education. CONCLUSION: The consensus reached serves as a reference to orient and update public health education as a part of the HND degree.

[Methodological proposal to explore the healthy and sustainable food service purchasing]. / Propuesta metodológica para explorar la compra de alimentos saludables y sostenibles en servicios de alimentación.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the methodology used to explore sustainability and nutritional aspects of institutional food service purchasing. METHOD: The source of information is the purchasing list. This document includes information on the ingredients used to prepare meals, such as the quantity (kg), variety (n), origin (local farmers or other suppliers) and type of production (organic or conventional) of food items. CONCLUSION: The described methodology allows obtain a wider vision of the quality of the meals offered in the food services. In addition to nutritional aspects, this methodology incorporates the perspective of sustainability.

Valoración del documento de consenso sobre alimentación en centros educativos para evaluar menús escolares / Assessment of the consensus document on food in educational centres to evaluate school menus

OBJETIVO: Explorar la aplicabilidad del Documento de Consenso sobre Alimentación en los Centros Educativos (DCSECE) para evaluar la adecuación de los menús escolares a las recomendaciones de una alimentación saludable. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal en el que se analizaron menús mensuales de 28 centros de educación infantil y primaria de Andalucía y Canarias. Los datos se extrajeron mediante un protocolo ad hoc basado en las recomendaciones del DCSECE, las cuales se dividieron en categorías y subcategorías de alimentos. Se estudió la oferta semanal de cada una de las categorías y subcategorías de alimentos y se comparó con las recomendaciones del DCSECE. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los centros presentó una oferta superior a la recomendación para la categoría de hortalizas y verduras, otras guarniciones y otros postres; inferior para la de arroz, pasta, elaborados y ensaladas; y ajustada para la de legumbres, carnes, pescado y huevos. Por subcategorías, se observó el predominio de vegetales cocidos en la categoría de hortalizas y verduras, en perjuicio de las ensaladas, y una oferta elevada de carnes procesadas en la categoría de carnes. CONCLUSIONES: El DCSECE puede ser un instrumento útil para evaluar la oferta alimentaria en los menús escolares, pero precisa una mayor especificidad en las recomendaciones para identificar la adecuación de los menús a una alimentación saludable

OBJECTIVE: To explore the applicability of the Consensus Document on School Food Programmes in Educational Centres (DCSECE) to evaluate the adaptation of school menus to healthy eating recommendations. METHOD: Transversal study that analyzes monthly school menus from 28 early-childhood education and primary education centres in Andalusia and Canary Islands (Spain). Data were collected using an ad-hoc protocol based on the DCSECE recommendations and divided into food categories and subcategories. We studied the weekly menu offering of each of the foods by category and subcategory and compared them to the DCSECE recommendations. RESULTS: The majority of the schools offered better meals than as specified by the recommendations, in terms of vegetables, other garnishes and other deserts. They offered poorer quality meals in the categories of rice, pasta, prepared foods and salads, and had an equivalent offering in terms of pulses, meats, fish and eggs. By subcategory, we observed the predominance of cooked vegetables in the vegetable category as compared to salads, and the predominance of processed meats in the meats category. CONCLUSIONS: The DCSECE could be a useful instrument for evaluating the nutritional offering of school menus. However, there is a need for greater specificity in the recommendations, in order to identify whether these menus adhere to healthy eating recommendations

Identifying Types of Dating Violence and Protective Factors among Adolescents in Spain: A Qualitative Analysis of Lights4Violence Materials.

INTRODUCTION: The Lights4Violence project was created to promote healthy relationships among adolescents using a school intervention in which participants developed video-capsules where they highlighted skills to resolve situations of dating violence. This study aims to assess the results of the Lights4Violence training program by identifying different types of violence and positive development assets that Spanish adolescents use in their video-capsule scripts. METHODS: A thematic analysis of the Lights4Violence video capsules was carried out. Open coding was used to identify violence patterns. A deductive analysis was used to identify student assets using the "Positive Youth Development Model". FINDINGS: Adolescents describe different patterns of violence, such as psychological violence, sexist violence or verbal violence that is present on the scripts. However, they showed themselves capable of resolving these situations using language and personal empowerment skills as resources. Family, friends and community were identified in adolescents' scenarios as the most frequent assets to address situations of conflict. CONCLUSION: Adolescents can promote healthy relationships using protective factors against violence. Interventions that use this approach can potentially be useful in preventing violence.

[Assessment of the consensus document on food in educational centres to evaluate school menus]. / Valoración del documento de consenso sobre alimentación en centros educativos para evaluar menús escolares.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the applicability of the Consensus Document on School Food Programmes in Educational Centres (DCSECE) to evaluate the adaptation of school menus to healthy eating recommendations. METHOD: Transversal study that analyzes monthly school menus from 28 early-childhood education and primary education centres in Andalusia and Canary Islands (Spain). Data were collected using an ad-hoc protocol based on the DCSECE recommendations and divided into food categories and subcategories. We studied the weekly menu offering of each of the foods by category and subcategory and compared them to the DCSECE recommendations. RESULTS: The majority of the schools offered better meals than as specified by the recommendations, in terms of vegetables, other garnishes and other deserts. They offered poorer quality meals in the categories of rice, pasta, prepared foods and salads, and had an equivalent offering in terms of pulses, meats, fish and eggs. By subcategory, we observed the predominance of cooked vegetables in the vegetable category as compared to salads, and the predominance of processed meats in the meats category. CONCLUSIONS: The DCSECE could be a useful instrument for evaluating the nutritional offering of school menus. However, there is a need for greater specificity in the recommendations, in order to identify whether these menus adhere to healthy eating recommendations.

Comedores escolares en España: una oportunidad para fomentar sistemas alimentarios más sostenibles y saludables / School meals in Spain: an opportunity to promote more sustainable and healthy food systems

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Brazilian National School Food Program as a promoter of local, healthy and sustainable food systems: evaluating the financial implementation. / Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar como promotor de Sistemas Alimentares Locais, Saudáveis e Sustentáveis: uma avaliação da execução financeira.

This study aimed to analyze the financial investment used for the procurement of food for the Brazilian National School Food Program (PNAE) in a city in the South of Brazil. The bidding process, the public calls and accountability reports of the PNAE were analyzed in the following variables: I) municipal financial complementation values; II) percentage of resources used to purchase foods from Family Farmer (FF), and Recommended, Restricted, Prohibited and others foods. The comparison of proportions was employed as a test to identify differences between investments. The municipal financial complementation was 65% of the total. The total amount used to purchase foods was distributed as follows: 65.5% for the Recommended, 27.9% for the Restricted, 6.5% for the Other and 0% for the Prohibited. The expenditure on Recommended foods was higher (p < 0.001) compared to the remaining groups. FF provided only Recommended foods, representing 12.1% of total (municipality and federal) expenditure and 29.5% of total federal funds. The direct purchase from FF contributed to the purchase of recommended foods. The municipal financial complementation was not geared to FA, which can compromise the potential of the school food program to promote healthy and sustainable food systems.

O objetivo foi analisar o investimento financeiro para a aquisição de alimentos destinados à alimentação escolar em um município no Sul do Brasil. As licitações, as chamadas públicas e a prestação de contas do PNAE foram analisadas por meio das variáveis: I) valores de complementação financeira do município; II) percentual de recursos destinado à compra de alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (AF) e aos alimentos Recomendados, Restritos, Proibidos e outros. Comparação de proporções foi o teste utilizado para identificar diferenças entre investimentos. A complementação financeira do município denotou 65% do total. O valor total empregado para a aquisição de alimentos foi: 65,5% Recomendados, 27,9% Restritos, 6,5% Outros e 0% Proibidos. Os gastos com alimentos Recomendados foram maiores (p < 0,001) do que com os demais grupos. A AF forneceu exclusivamente alimentos Recomendados, representando 12,1% do investimento total (municipal e federal) e 29,5% dos recursos federais. A compra direta da AF contribuiu para aquisição de alimentos Recomendados. A complementação financeira do município não foi direcionada à AF, podendo comprometer o potencial do programa de alimentação escolar na promoção de sistemas agroalimentares sustentáveis, saudáveis e locais.

Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar como promotor de Sistemas Alimentares Locais, Saudáveis e Sustentáveis: uma avaliação da execução financeira / Brazilian National School Food Program as a promoter of local, healthy and sustainable food systems: evaluating the financial implementation

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar o investimento financeiro para a aquisição de alimentos destinados à alimentação escolar em um município no Sul do Brasil. As licitações, as chamadas públicas e a prestação de contas do PNAE foram analisadas por meio das variáveis: I) valores de complementação financeira do município; II) percentual de recursos destinado à compra de alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (AF) e aos alimentos Recomendados, Restritos, Proibidos e outros. Comparação de proporções foi o teste utilizado para identificar diferenças entre investimentos. A complementação financeira do município denotou 65% do total. O valor total empregado para a aquisição de alimentos foi: 65,5% Recomendados, 27,9% Restritos, 6,5% Outros e 0% Proibidos. Os gastos com alimentos Recomendados foram maiores (p < 0,001) do que com os demais grupos. A AF forneceu exclusivamente alimentos Recomendados, representando 12,1% do investimento total (municipal e federal) e 29,5% dos recursos federais. A compra direta da AF contribuiu para aquisição de alimentos Recomendados. A complementação financeira do município não foi direcionada à AF, podendo comprometer o potencial do programa de alimentação escolar na promoção de sistemas agroalimentares sustentáveis, saudáveis e locais.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the financial investment used for the procurement of food for the Brazilian National School Food Program (PNAE) in a city in the South of Brazil. The bidding process, the public calls and accountability reports of the PNAE were analyzed in the following variables: I) municipal financial complementation values; II) percentage of resources used to purchase foods from Family Farmer (FF), and Recommended, Restricted, Prohibited and others foods. The comparison of proportions was employed as a test to identify differences between investments. The municipal financial complementation was 65% of the total. The total amount used to purchase foods was distributed as follows: 65.5% for the Recommended, 27.9% for the Restricted, 6.5% for the Other and 0% for the Prohibited. The expenditure on Recommended foods was higher (p < 0.001) compared to the remaining groups. FF provided only Recommended foods, representing 12.1% of total (municipality and federal) expenditure and 29.5% of total federal funds. The direct purchase from FF contributed to the purchase of recommended foods. The municipal financial complementation was not geared to FA, which can compromise the potential of the school food program to promote healthy and sustainable food systems.

Compra de alimentos de proximidad en los comedores escolares de Andalucía, Canarias y Principado de Asturias / Purchase of local foods for school meals in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Principality of Asturias (Spain)

Objetivo: Explorar y comparar las características de los centros de educación primaria (CEP) de Andalucía, Canarias y Principado de Asturias en función de si compran o no alimentos de proximidad para los comedores escolares, así como la opinión de los/las responsables del comedor sobre los beneficios y las dificultades para incorporarla. Método: Mediante un cuestionario electrónico se recogió información de las características de 186 CEP y la opinión de los/las responsables del comedor sobre los beneficios/dificultades de la compra de alimentos de proximidad. Los datos se estratificaron según la forma de adquisición de los alimentos (compra de alimentos de proximidad: sí/no) y se aplicó el test de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: El 38,2% de los CEP estudiados compra alimentos de proximidad. Es más frecuente en centros de zonas rurales (51,0%), con comedores autogestionados (80,0%) y con cocina propia (65,5%). Dichos centros cuentan con menús más económicos que sus homólogos (69,8%), participan con mayor frecuencia en programas de alimentación saludable (81,5%) y compran más alimentos ecológicos (65,8%). Según la mayoría de los/las participantes cuyos centros compran alimentos de proximidad, sus beneficios son el fomento de la economía local (97,2%), la oferta de alimentos frescos (97,2%) y la sostenibilidad ambiental (93%), y sus dificultades son la capacidad productiva de la región (50,7%), la variación estacional de la producción (71,8%) y la falta de apoyo (42,3%) y de información de la Administración (46,5%). Conclusión: La ubicación de los centros, la gestión del comedor y la disponibilidad de cocina pueden condicionar el desarrollo de la compra de alimentos de proximidad en las escuelas. El apoyo institucional podría ayudar a integrarla en los CEP, mejorando la alimentación escolar con menor coste económico y ambiental (AU)

Objective: To explore and compare the characteristics of Primary Education Centres (PEC) in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Principality of Asturias depending on whether or not they make local food purchases (LFP) for school meals and to explore the opinion of cafeteria managers about the benefits and challenges of this type of purchase. Method: Information on the characteristics of 186 PECs and opinions of cafeteria managers about the benefits/challenges of LFP was collected through an electronic questionnaire. Data were stratified according to how the products were purchased (LFP: yes/no), and the chi square test was applied. Results: 38.2% of the PECs studied make LFP. This is more frequent in rural areas (51.0 with self-managed cafeterias (80.0%), and their own kitchen (65.5%). These centres have less expensive menus than their peers (69.8%), participate more frequently in healthy eating programmes (81.5%) and purchase more organic food products (65.8%). According to the majority of the participants whose centres engage in LFP, the benefits include: supporting the local economy (97.2%), the offer of fresh foods (97.2%) and environmental sustainability (93.0%). The challenges include: productive capacity of the region (50.7%), the seasonal variation in food production (71.8%), and the lack of support (42.3%) and information from the government (46.5%). Conclusion: The location of the centres, the management of the cafeteria and the availability of a kitchen on site can influence the development of LFP in schools. Government support could help to integrate LFP in schools, improving school meals at a lower economic and environmental cost (AU)

Alimentos de producción local en los comedores escolares de España / Local food production for school feeding programmes in Spain

Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar las iniciativas que fomentan la compra local de alimentos para el suministro de los comedores escolares en España y los centros escolares que las llevan a cabo. Método: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, basado en la consulta de fuentes secundarias e informantes clave. Se buscaron iniciativas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales de ámbito autonómico. Las gubernamentales se localizaron a través de los programas de comedores escolares de las comunidades autónomas y sus guías alimentarias, y de representantes de las consejerías de educación y agricultura. Las no gubernamentales se localizaron en páginas web y mediante la técnica de bola de nieve. Dichas iniciativas se analizaron en función de su distribución geográfica, ámbito del organismo promotor (gubernamental o no), número de centros escolares que las desarrollan, forma de gestión de los centros y compra de alimentos ecológicos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: Se localizaron 12 iniciativas desarrolladas en 318 centros escolares (un 2,16% del total de centros con servicio de comedor en España). De ellas, seis son gubernamentales, con 274 centros vinculados (1,86%), y seis no son gubernamentales, con 44 centros (0,30%). La mayoría de estos centros son de gestión pública (n=284). Todas las iniciativas contemplan la compra de alimentos ecológicos. Conclusión: Las iniciativas de compra local de alimentos en España tienen un alcance limitado en los centros escolares. No obstante, la existencia de una directriz estatal podría apoyar y fortalecer su desarrollo, dado que la adhesión de los centros es mayor cuando se impulsa desde el sector público (AU)

Objective: To identify and characterize initiatives that promote the purchase of locally-sourced foods to supply schools and the school centres carrying out the initiatives. Method: Exploratory, descriptive study based on secondary data and key informant reports. A search of governmental and non-governmental initiatives was carried out at the autonomous community level. Government initiatives were located through school feeding programmes in the different autonomous communities, their nutritional guides and representatives of the councils for education and agriculture. Non-governmental initiatives were found through their own websites and the snowball technique. Initiatives were analysed by their geographic distribution, organizational area (government vs. non-government), number of school centres carrying out the initiatives, management style and organic food purchase. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Results: 12 initiatives carried out by 318 schools (2.16% of all the schools with food service in Spain) were identified. Among these, 6 are governmental initiatives with a scope of 274 schools (1.86%), and 6 are non-governmental initiatives with a scope of 44 schools (0.30%). Most of these schools have a public management system in place (n=284). All the initiatives provide for the purchase of organic food. Conclusion: Local food purchase initiatives in Spain have a limited reach. However, the existence of a state directive could support and strengthen the development of such initiatives, given that school commitment is greater when initiatives are driven by the public sector (AU)

[Purchase of local foods for school meals in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Principality of Asturias (Spain)]. / Compra de alimentos de proximidad en los comedores escolares de Andalucía, Canarias y Principado de Asturias.

OBJECTIVE: To explore and compare the characteristics of Primary Education Centres (PEC) in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Principality of Asturias depending on whether or not they make local food purchases (LFP) for school meals and to explore the opinion of cafeteria managers about the benefits and challenges of this type of purchase. METHOD: Information on the characteristics of 186 PECs and opinions of cafeteria managers about the benefits/challenges of LFP was collected through an electronic questionnaire. Data were stratified according to how the products were purchased (LFP: yes/no), and the chi square test was applied. RESULTS: 38.2% of the PECs studied make LFP. This is more frequent in rural areas (51.0 with self-managed cafeterias (80.0%), and their own kitchen (65.5%). These centres have less expensive menus than their peers (69.8%), participate more frequently in healthy eating programmes (81.5%) and purchase more organic food products (65.8%). According to the majority of the participants whose centres engage in LFP, the benefits include: supporting the local economy (97.2%), the offer of fresh foods (97.2%) and environmental sustainability (93.0%). The challenges include: productive capacity of the region (50.7%), the seasonal variation in food production (71.8%), and the lack of support (42.3%) and information from the government (46.5%). CONCLUSION: The location of the centres, the management of the cafeteria and the availability of a kitchen on site can influence the development of LFP in schools. Government support could help to integrate LFP in schools, improving school meals at a lower economic and environmental cost.

[Local food production for school feeding programmes in Spain]. / Alimentos de producción local en los comedores escolares de España.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize initiatives that promote the purchase of locally-sourced foods to supply schools and the school centres carrying out the initiatives. METHOD: Exploratory, descriptive study based on secondary data and key informant reports. A search of governmental and non-governmental initiatives was carried out at the autonomous community level. Government initiatives were located through school feeding programmes in the different autonomous communities, their nutritional guides and representatives of the councils for education and agriculture. Non-governmental initiatives were found through their own websites and the snowball technique. Initiatives were analysed by their geographic distribution, organizational area (government vs. non-government), number of school centres carrying out the initiatives, management style and organic food purchase. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. RESULTS: 12 initiatives carried out by 318 schools (2.16% of all the schools with food service in Spain) were identified. Among these, 6 are governmental initiatives with a scope of 274 schools (1.86%), and 6 are non-governmental initiatives with a scope of 44 schools (0.30%). Most of these schools have a public management system in place (n=284). All the initiatives provide for the purchase of organic food. CONCLUSION: Local food purchase initiatives in Spain have a limited reach. However, the existence of a state directive could support and strengthen the development of such initiatives, given that school commitment is greater when initiatives are driven by the public sector.

Strengths and weaknesses in the supply of school food resulting from the procurement of family farm produce in a municipality in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to assess compliance with school food programme recommendations for the procurement of family farm produce. This study consists of an exploratory descriptive study utilising a qualitative approach based on semistructured interviews with key informants in a municipality in the State of Santa Catarina in Brazil. Study participants were managers and staff of the school food programme and department of agriculture, and representatives of a farmers' organisation. The produce delivery and demand fulfilment stages of the procurement process were carried out in accordance with the recommendations. However, nonconformities occurred in the elaboration of the public call for proposals, elaboration of the sales proposal, and fulfilment of produce quality standards. It was observed that having a diverse range of suppliers and the exchange of produce by the cooperative with neighbouring municipalities helped to maintain a regular supply of produce. The elaboration of menus contributed to planning agricultural production. However, agricultural production was not mapped before elaborating the menus in this case study and an agricultural reform settlement was left out of the programme. A number of weaknesses in the programme were identified which need to be overcome in order to promote local family farming and improve the quality of school food in the municipality.

Potencialidades e dificuldades para o abastecimento da alimentação escolar mediante a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar em um município brasileiro / Strengths and weaknesses in the supply of school food resulting from the procurement of family farm produce in a municipality in Brazil

Com o objetivo de avaliar o cumprimento das recomendações do programa de alimentação escolar para a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, baseado em entrevistas com informantes-chave em um município de Santa Catarina. Os participantes do estudo foram gestores e funcionários do programa de alimentação escolar, da secretaria de agricultura e de organização de agricultores. Identificou-se que a entrega dos produtos e o atendimento à demanda estavam sendo cumpridos de acordo com as recomendações. Contudo, inconformidades parciais foram identificadas na elaboração da chamada pública e do projeto de venda, assim como no atendimento aos padrões de qualidade dos produtos. Observou-se que o abastecimento regular de alimentos foi favorecido pela diversidade de fornecedores e pelo intercâmbio de alimentos entre a cooperativa e os municípios vizinhos. A elaboração dos cardápios contribuiu para o planejamento da produção agrícola; no entanto, foi anterior ao mapeamento desta, e os assentados da reforma agrária não participaram do programa. Identificaram-se fragilidades do programa que necessitam ser superadas para fomentar a agricultura local e melhorar a qualidade da alimentação escolar no município.

The objective of this study was to assess compliance with school food programme recommendations for the procurement of family farm produce. This study consists of an exploratory descriptive study utilising a qualitative approach based on semistructured interviews with key informants in a municipality in the State of Santa Catarina in Brazil. Study participants were managers and staff of the school food programme and department of agriculture, and representatives of a farmers’ organisation. The produce delivery and demand fulfilment stages of the procurement process were carried out in accordance with the recommendations. However, nonconformities occurred in the elaboration of the public call for proposals, elaboration of the sales proposal, and fulfilment of produce quality standards. It was observed that having a diverse range of suppliers and the exchange of produce by the cooperative with neighbouring municipalities helped to maintain a regular supply of produce. The elaboration of menus contributed to planning agricultural production. However, agricultural production was not mapped before elaborating the menus in this case study and an agricultural reform settlement was left out of the programme. A number of weaknesses in the programme were identified which need to be overcome in order to promote local family farming and improve the quality of school food in the municipality.

Racism, other discriminations and effects on health.

UNLABELLED: We study the probability of perceived racism/other forms of discrimination on immigrant and Spanish populations within different public spheres and show their effect on the health of immigrants using a cross-sectional design (ENS-06). VARIABLES: perceived racism/other forms of discrimination (exposure), socio-demographic (explicative), health indicators (dependent). Frequencies, prevalences, and bivariate/multivariate analysis were conducted separately for men (M) and women (W). We estimated the health problems attributable to racism through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Immigrants perceived more racism than Spaniards in workplace (ORM = 48.1; 95% CI 28.2-82.2), and receiving health care (ORW = 48.3; 95% CI 24.7-94.4). Racism and other forms of discrimination were associated with poor mental health (ORM = 5.6; 95% CI 3.9-8.2; ORW = 7.3; 95% CI 4.1-13.0) and injury (ORW = 30.6; 95% CI 13.6-68.7). It is attributed to perceived racism the 80.1% of consumption of psychotropics (M), and to racism with other forms of discrimination the 52.3% of cases of injury (W). Racism plays a role as a health determinant.